ginocchio

Ginocchio is the Italian term for the knee, the joint that connects the thigh to the lower leg. It is a weight-bearing and highly mobile joint that enables bending, straightening, and limited rotation, essential for activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

Anatomy and structure: The knee primarily involves three bones—the distal femur, proximal tibia, and the patella. The fibula participates in stabilization but does not form the main joint. The joint is cushioned by articular cartilage and stabilized by the menisci, two crescent-shaped cartilage structures that distribute load. Stability is provided by a fibrous capsule and a network of ligaments: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). The muscles of the thigh, especially the quadriceps and hamstrings, control movement. The joint contains a synovial membrane with fluid and several bursae that reduce friction during movement.

Common conditions: Acute injuries include ACL tears and meniscal tears, often resulting from sports. Patellar dislocations and patellofemoral pain syndrome affect kneecap tracking. Degenerative changes can lead to osteoarthritis. Tendinopathies, such as patellar tendinopathy, and knee effusion due to inflammation or injury also occur.

Diagnosis and treatment: Evaluation combines medical history, physical examination, and imaging such as X-ray or MRI. Treatments range from conservative care—rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE)—and physical therapy to surgical options. Arthroscopic procedures address damaged tissue; ACL reconstruction or other ligament surgeries restore stability; total knee replacement may be indicated in advanced arthritis.

Prevention and prognosis: Strength training, proper warm-up, and technique can reduce injury risk, especially in athletic populations. Outcomes depend on injury type, age, and overall health, but many individuals achieve substantial functional recovery with appropriate management.