fúngicas

Fúngicas refers to fungi, a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms distinct from plants, animals and bacteria. Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients from their surroundings, using extracellular enzymes. Their cell walls contain chitin, and their bodies commonly form a network of filaments called hyphae that aggregate into a mycelium. Fungi occupy diverse lifestyles, from decomposers to mutualists and pathogens.

Fungal diversity is organized into major groups, notably Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with others such as Chytridiomycota and historically Zygomycota. Most fungi reproduce by spores, which can be produced asexually or sexually. Hyphae may be septate or coenocytic, and fungal bodies range from yeasts to mushrooms and molds.

Ecology and lifestyle: Fungi are major decomposers and drivers of nutrient cycling. They form mutualistic associations such as mycorrhizae with plants and lichens with photosynthetic partners, and some species act as pathogens of plants, animals, or humans.

Human health: Fungal infections, or mycoses, range from superficial conditions to life-threatening systemic diseases. Diagnosis and treatment rely on antifungal drugs such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins, with rising concerns about resistance. Some fungi also produce mycotoxins that can contaminate food.

Industry and economy: Fungi are essential in food and beverage production (yeasts for bread and alcohol), medicine (antibiotics and enzymes), and biotechnology. They also contribute to agriculture and environmental management through biocontrol and bioremediation. Biodiversity estimates reach into the millions, though most species remain undescribed.