fémek

Fémek is the term used to describe a broad class of elements and alloys characterized by metallic bonding, electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and a characteristic luster. Most fémek are crystalline solids at room temperature; they often have high densities and variable melting points, and many are magnetically active. Mercury is an exception as a liquid metal at room temperature.

Fémek are commonly divided into ferrous metals, which contain iron, and non-ferrous metals, which do not. Ferrous metals include iron, steel, and cast iron and are notable for strength and magnetic properties. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, nickel, titanium, and lead, with advantages such as lighter weight, greater corrosion resistance, or particular electrical properties. Within non-ferrous, precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum are valued for rarity and chemical stability. Alloys such as steel (iron with carbon and other elements), bronze (copper and tin), and brass (copper and zinc) expand the range of mechanical and chemical properties.

Extraction and processing involve mining, ore concentration, smelting, and refining. Metals are energy-intensive to produce, but many can be recycled efficiently, reducing environmental impact.

Applications span construction, transportation, electronics, machinery, packaging, and jewelry. Metals have shaped human history since ancient civilizations, with Bronze Age and Iron Age milestones marking major technological transitions.