fulldome

Fulldome is an immersive projection medium in which imagery is projected onto a domed ceiling surrounding the audience, creating a 360-degree field of view. The resulting environment is commonly used in planetariums, science centers, universities, and other venues that host immersive theaters.

Technology and formats: Fulldome typically employs multiple projectors arranged around the dome, with edge blending and geometric warping to produce a seamless image on the curved surface. Some smaller domes use a single projector with a fisheye or ultra-wide lens. Content may be monoscopic or stereoscopic (3D) and is produced as fulldome video or 360-degree footage. Higher-end productions often run at 4K or higher resolutions, with ongoing experimentation toward 8K and beyond.

History and usage: The fulldome concept evolved from traditional planetarium projection, moving from optomechanical systems to digital projection in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Digital fulldome enables astronomy simulations, space and science visualization, nature and art programs, and immersive performances. Many institutions license content from specialized fulldome producers or create custom shows using dome-specific production pipelines.

Content and practical considerations: Programs frequently blend scientific visualization with narrative storytelling, tailored to the dome’s geometry. Theatre design, brightness, color uniformity, seating layout, and acoustics are important factors for achieving comfortable, convincing immersion. The dome format offers a distinctive sense of scale and intimacy, though it requires careful planning and technical setup to ensure consistent image quality across the entire field of view.