freediving

Freediving, or apnea diving, is underwater diving without a breathing apparatus. Divers descend and explore on a single breath, relying on breath-hold techniques. It differs from scuba and snorkel diving, though training may share concepts such as equalization and buoyancy control.

Disciplines in freediving include static apnea, where time is held underwater or on the surface after an inhale; dynamic apnea, which involves horizontal swimming on a single breath with or without fins; and depth disciplines such as Constant Weight, Free Immersion, and Variable Weight, which use ropes and a line or weights to reach depth and ascend. No-limits, historically used in early depth records, is rarely practiced in modern competition. A key safety concern across disciplines is shallow-water blackout.

Training and safety practices emphasize progressive breath-hold conditioning, efficient technique, and physiological adaptation. The diving reflex, which includes bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, helps conserve oxygen. Athletes work on CO2 tolerance, oxygen efficiency, equalization, and relaxation. Freediving safety relies on a trained buddy system, clear surface protocols, proper line handling, and medical screening when appropriate.

Equipment typically includes a mask, snorkel, fins or a monofin, and a wetsuit. For depth disciplines, divers may use lines, buoys, and weight systems. In competitive freediving, specialized gear such as a monofin is common, and training often takes place with clubs or instructors.

History and organizations: Modern freediving gained prominence in the 20th century through pioneers such as Jacques Mayol and Enzo Maiorca, with Umberto Pelizzari contributing to training methods. Competitions and standardized rules are administered by organizations such as AIDA International and CMAS, while many dive shops offer entry-level courses. Records are maintained for static, dynamic, and depth disciplines by governing bodies.