freedivers

Freedivers are divers who descend and explore underwater environments without the use of breathing apparatus, relying on breath-holding, relaxation, and physiological adaptations. The practice encompasses sport, recreation, and underwater exploration.

Competitive freediving includes several disciplines, such as static apnea (holding breath on the surface), dynamic apnea (distance swum underwater in a pool), dynamic with fins (monofin or bi-fins), constant weight (downward descent and upward ascent with fins using a rope), free immersion (descending and ascending a rope without fins), and occasionally no-limits in some historical contexts. Athletes train with specialized breathing and relaxation techniques, and safety and technique are central to competition.

Key aspects of training include progressive breath-hold progression, CO2 tolerance, oxygen management, and the mammalian dive reflex that slows the heart rate and prioritizes vital organs. Freedivers practice dry-land conditioning, stretching, cardiovascular training, and mental rehearsal to improve efficiency and safety under water.

Typical equipment includes a mask, snorkel, fins (often a monofin), a wetsuit, a weight belt, and a line or rope for depth checks and safety during pool and depth disciplines. Training often occurs under progressive supervision, with emphasis on equalization and safe ascent.

Modern freediving arose in the 20th century with pioneers such as Jacques Mayol and Enzo Maiorca, and it has grown into organized competition. International bodies such as AIDA International, CMAS, and various national federations oversee records, rules, and coaching standards. The activity carries inherent risks, so professional supervision, medical screening, and respectful practice are widely emphasized in the community.