frastødningskraft

Frastødningskraft is a term used primarily in Scandinavian languages to describe a repulsive force, that is, a force which acts to separate two objects rather than attract them. In physics it is the natural counterpart to the attractive force described by Newton’s law of gravitation or, in electromagnetism, the electric repulsion between like charges. The concept appears also in biological contexts, where it can refer to deterrent signals or physical reactions that keep organisms at an advantageous distance.

In classical mechanics the quantity is calculated by similar formulas to those used for attraction but with a negative sign. For example, the Coulombic repulsive force between two electrons is \(F = k_e e^2/r^2\), with \(F\) directed away from the other particle. In macroscopic settings frastødningskraft can be generated by electromagnetic shielding, by using magnetic fields to repel ferromagnetic objects, or by chemical repellent coatings that create a surface energy barrier. The term can also be applied to social science metaphorically, describing a psychological barrier that keeps individuals from forming close relationships.

Frastødningskraft is used in engineering to design anti‑collision systems, in robotics for obstacle avoidance, and in horticulture to describe the way plants orient themselves away from competitors. In medicine, the concept underlies the use of repellent meditative devices that generate localized electromagnetic fields to push pathogens or harmful micro‑particles outwards. Although it is less common than its attractive counterpart, frastødningskraft is a fundamental principle in a variety of disciplines that require separation rather than consolidation.