folkeoplysning

Folkeoplysning, or public enlightenment, is a term used in Denmark to describe non-formal adult education and cultural activities intended to broaden knowledge, critical thinking, and civic participation, outside the framework of formal schooling or vocational training. The concept has its roots in the Grundtvigian ideas of N. F. S. Grundtvig, who in the 19th century argued that a democratic society requires freely participating citizens educated through dialogue, life experience, and shared culture. Over time, folkeoplysning became organized as a system of folk high schools (folkehøjskoler) and related activities under a public framework.

Practices within folkeoplysning emphasize dialogue, reflection, and personal development rather than examinations or certificates. Courses are typically offered by non-profit associations, cultural clubs, municipalities, and schools, and are often organized as study circles, evening classes, lectures, or multi-week courses. The focus is on broad humanities, arts, languages, social issues, history, and national culture, with an aim to enhance democratic engagement and social cohesion. Many programs are residential or day courses with flexible formats, designed for adult participants at various life stages.

In Denmark, folkeoplysning is supported by public subsidies through laws and schemes that channel funding to folk high schools, study circles, and related activities. It exists in parallel with, but distinct from, formal education and vocational training. The concept also exists in neighboring Nordic countries, where similar traditions are known as folkhögskola (Sweden) and folkehøgskole (Norway).