fluorowca

Fluorowca is the Polish term for the chemical group known in English as the halogens, the elements in Group 17 of the periodic table. In standard classifications, the halogens are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts). They are highly reactive nonmetals and tend to form negative ions or covalent compounds by gaining or sharing one electron.

Halogens are characterized by high electronegativity and reactivity. In the gas phase, the lighter members (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) exist as diatomic molecules. Astatine and tennessine are radioactive or very short-lived, and their chemical behavior is not as well established as for the lighter halogens. They form a broad range of halides with metals and nonmetals, and their chemistry generally becomes more complex with increasing atomic size and relativistic effects.

Occurrence and production vary across the group. Fluorine is found in minerals such as fluorite; chlorine is abundant in seawater as chloride. Bromine occurs in brine pools and seawater, while iodine is present in seawater and in many seaweeds. Astatine is extremely rare in nature and is produced only in trace amounts in laboratories; tennessine is a synthetic element created in particle accelerators. Natural presence typically decreases from fluorine to tennessine.

Uses and applications span many industries. Chlorine compounds are widely used for water disinfection and sterilization; fluorides are common in dental care and some ceramics. Iodine is essential in medicine and nutrition, bromine in flame retardants and certain chemicals, while astatine and tennessine have no large-scale commercial use due to scarcity or radioactivity.

Safety considerations are important: halogens are reactive and often corrosive. Handling requires appropriate containment and controls, with fluorine gas being particularly hazardous and astatine and tennessine remaining subjects of ongoing research.

See also: Halogen, Periodic table.