fluorochrom

Fluorochrom is a term used to describe a class of fluorescent chromophores employed as labeling dyes in chemical biology and analytical chemistry. It does not denote a single molecule but a family of compounds that absorb light and re-emit it at longer wavelengths. Fluorochroms are selected for brightness, spectral properties, and compatibility with detection methods.

These compounds cover a spectrum from blue to near-infrared emission. Brightness is often expressed as the product of extinction coefficient and quantum yield, while photostability determines usefulness under prolonged illumination. Many fluorochroms are engineered for aqueous solubility and for straightforward bioconjugation to biomolecules, antibodies, or nucleic acids. Some variants are environmentally sensitive, changing fluorescence with polarity or pH.

Fluorochroms are widely used in fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and diagnostic assays. They enable multiplexing by providing multiple, distinguishable emission colors and are frequently linked to targeting moieties via covalent bonds or click-chemistry handles.

Chemical families that commonly fall under the fluorochrom umbrella include cyanines, rhodamines, fluoresceins, and BODIPYs, among others. Tailoring spectral properties and improving stability often involves modifying the core scaffold and adding solubilizing groups or reactive handles for conjugation.

Because of spectral overlap and potential cytotoxicity in live samples, users must plan experiments carefully, including proper controls and instrument settings. The term Fluorochrom is not universally standardized and is sometimes used loosely to refer to fluorescent dyes in general.