rhodamines
Rhodamines are a family of synthetic fluorescent dyes based on the xanthene core. They are typically cationic at physiological pH due to amine substituents and are valued for bright fluorescence and relatively high quantum yields.
Chemically, rhodamines consist of two benzene rings fused to a central xanthene ring. The core is readily
Spectroscopically, rhodamines typically absorb in the blue-green region (roughly 500–560 nm) and emit in the green-to-orange
Functionalization with reactive groups such as NHS esters and sulfonates improves bioconjugation and water solubility, enabling
Considerations include photostability under illumination and potential cytotoxicity at high concentrations. The availability of many derivatives