firmgrounds

Firmgrounds refer to a category of ground used in geotechnical and civil engineering to describe soil or rock layers that are firm, stiff, and capable of supporting load with minimal settlement. The term is descriptive rather than a formal soil taxonomy, but it is commonly used by engineers and surveyors when assessing construction sites.

Characteristics of firmgrounds typically include high shear strength, low compressibility, limited plasticity, and moderate to low moisture content. They often consist of compacted sediments, cemented sands or gravels, weathered rock with intact fabric, or unweathered bedrock near the surface. The exact composition and thickness of a firmground layer vary by region and geologic history.

Formation and occurrence vary widely. In sedimentary regions, processes such as compaction, cementation, or diagenesis can produce firm layers. In volcanic or glacial regions, compacted tuffs or dense glaciofluvial deposits may form firmgrounds. The depth to and extent of firmgrounds depend on local conditions, and pockets of weakness can occur due to fractures, water infiltration, or frost action.

Assessment and engineering uses involve geotechnical investigations to estimate bearing capacity and settlement for foundations on firmgrounds. Methods include boreholes, cone penetration tests, standard penetration tests, and plate load tests. Design considerations address variability, groundwater conditions, and the potential for lateral spreading if weaker underlying layers are present.

In practice, the term is used descriptively in field reports and planning documents to indicate zones suitable for foundations with limited ground improvement.