firedirection

Fire direction, sometimes written firedirection, is the process by which military commanders determine and deliver indirect-fire effects on a target. It involves locating targets, selecting appropriate firing data, and issuing instructions to artillery, mortars, rockets, or guided munitions to achieve a desired impact. The goal is to produce a firing solution that accounts for weapon characteristics, terrain, weather, and target movement.

In practice, a fire direction center (FDC) or equivalent fire-support element coordinates target information from observers, scouts, and intelligence sources. The team assembles data on target position, range, and bearing, then applies ballistic calculations to generate firing data such as azimuth (direction), elevation, fuse settings, and charge. This information is transmitted to the firing units, which execute the fire mission. After initial shots, observers or automated systems provide corrections to refine accuracy.

Key factors in fire direction include weapon performance (range, muzzle velocity), meteorological conditions (wind, temperature, air density), terrain effects, and, for moving targets, anticipated target course. Modern systems often use computerized ballistic solvers and digital data links to integrate with broader command and control networks, enabling faster, more precise solutions and more rapid adjustments.

Fire direction is a core component of fire support and is distinct from, yet closely linked to, target acquisition, forward observing, and fire control. It supports coordinated action across multiple firing units and supports combined-arms operations.