fingertips

Fingertips are the pads at the distal ends of the fingers, consisting of thick skin, connective tissue, and a dense network of nerves, making them among the most sensitive parts of the human body. They host the skin's friction ridges that form fingerprint patterns.

The fingertip pad contains epidermis, dermis with papillae, and underlying subcutaneous tissue rich in blood vessels and fat. The epidermis is thicker than elsewhere on the hand. The ridges create fingerprints that augment grip and tactile discrimination. Nails cover the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx but are not part of the fingertip pad.

The fingertips contain a high density of mechanoreceptors, including Meissner's corpuscles for light touch and texture, Merkel cells for sustained pressure and texture details, Pacinian corpuscles for vibration, and Ruffini endings for skin stretch. Afferent nerves from the median, ulnar, and radial nerves convey sensations to the brain, yielding high tactile acuity.

The fingertips assist in gripping and manipulating small objects, sensing texture, shape, temperature, and moisture. Friction ridges and skin compliance enable secure handling and fine manipulation, while rapid sensory feedback supports dexterity.

Fingerprints begin to develop in utero and become unique to each individual, with patterns categorized as loops, whorls, or arches. Fingertip sensitivity varies with age and injury.

Fingertips are commonly affected by injuries, burns, calluses, and nail disorders; in forensics, fingerprints are used for identification.