feocromocitoma

Feocromocitoma is a rare tumor that arises from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla or, less commonly, from sympathetic ganglia in the abdomen or chest. These tumors produce and secrete excessive amounts of catecholamines, primarily adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). The symptoms experienced by individuals with feocromocitoma are a direct result of this hormonal overproduction.

The classic presentation includes paroxysmal hypertension, which can manifest as sudden, severe spikes in blood pressure. Other common symptoms include headaches, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety or panic attacks. These episodes can be triggered by physical exertion, stress, or certain foods. In some cases, feocromocitoma can lead to chronic hypertension. The diagnosis typically involves measuring elevated levels of catecholamines and their metabolites in the blood and urine. Imaging studies like CT or MRI scans are used to locate the tumor.

Treatment for feocromocitoma usually involves surgical removal of the tumor. Pre-operative management with medications to control blood pressure and heart rate is crucial to prevent complications during surgery. In cases where the tumor cannot be surgically removed, or if it has metastasized, medical management aims to control hormone production and symptoms. Feocromocitoma can occur sporadically or as part of inherited genetic syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B, and neurofibromatosis type 1. Regular follow-up is recommended after treatment to monitor for recurrence.

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