extrovert

Extrovert, or extroverted person, is a term used in personality psychology to describe someone who tends to derive energy from social interaction, engages actively with others, and typically enjoys talkative and sociable behavior. Extroversion is considered one end of a spectrum that also includes introversion, with individuals varying in how much social stimulation they seek and how they regulate their energy.

Etymology and concept: The word comes from Latin exter- meaning outward and vertere meaning to turn. The term was popularized by Carl Jung in the early 20th century. In modern psychology, extroversion is one of the major dimensions of personality, prominently represented in trait theories such as the Big Five, where it relates to warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, and positive affect, and in various inventories used in research and applied settings.

Characteristics: Typical extroverts are sociable, talkative, and enthusiastic in group settings. They may prefer collaborative work, seek leadership roles in social contexts, and readily express opinions. Extroversion is not simply “being outgoing” in every situation, nor is it a marker of moral character or intelligence; it reflects patterns of energy source and reactivity to social stimuli.

Measurement and variability: Extroversion is usually assessed through self-report questionnaires such as the NEO Personality Inventory or the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and in some frameworks by instruments like the MBTI. It exists on a continuum, and most people display a mix of extroverted and introverted tendencies depending on context, mood, and culture. Critics note that trait models can oversimplify behavior and overlook situational factors.

Cultural and practical considerations: Attitudes toward extroversion vary by culture and setting. In work and education, extroverts may excel in roles involving communication and teamwork but may face challenges with solitary tasks. Viewing extroversion as a spectrum helps distinguish enduring personality traits from temporary states or social roles.