introversion

Introversion is a personality trait characterized by a focus on internal thoughts and feelings, a preference for solitary or low-stimulation activities, and a tendency to recharge energy through time alone rather than through social interaction. It is one end of the extraversion–introversion spectrum, with many people displaying a mix of tendencies at different times and in different contexts.

Origins and theory: The terms introversion and extraversion were popularized by Carl Jung in the early 20th century and later became central in contemporary trait theories such as the Big Five, where introversion corresponds to low extraversion. In these models, introversion is a dimension rather than a binary category.

Behavior and preferences: Introverts often prefer deep, meaningful conversations over small talk, maintain a smaller circle of close friends, and seek quiet environments to think and work. They may feel drained by long or highly stimulating social events and may need time alone to recharge after social interaction.

Relation to other concepts: Introversion is not the same as shyness or social anxiety; shyness involves fear of social judgment, and social anxiety disorder is a diagnosable condition. Many introverts are socially confident and comfortable in appropriate settings.

Implications and measurement: Cultural norms influence how introversion is expressed and valued. Assessments such as the NEO-PI-R or similar Big Five inventories measure extraversion/introversion along a spectrum. In educational and work contexts, recognizing introverted preferences can support environments that balance collaboration with opportunities for solitary or reflective work.