escalier

Escalier is the French term for a staircase, the built element that connects different levels of a building. In English-language architecture, escalier is used to describe stairs in contexts that emphasize design or French influence, while the general term remains staircase or stairs. A typical escalier comprises a series of steps with treads and risers, usually organized into straight, turning, or spiral configurations.

Straight escalier runs in one line between landings. L-shaped and U-shaped escalier use one or two internal landings to change direction. Spiral escalier wraps around a central newel and is compact, often used where space is limited. Other variations include curved or bullnose stairs, and alternating tread stairs in specialized cases.

Key components include treads (the horizontal surfaces), risers (the vertical gaps), stringers (carrying framework), handrails, balustrades or guardrails, newel posts, and landings. Materials range from wood and stone to concrete and metal, chosen for load, comfort, and aesthetics. Interiors favor wood or decorative stone; exteriors may use treated timber, metal, or masonry.

Stair design considers rise and run, headroom, and handrails. Building codes specify minimum width, maximum riser height, handrail height, and required guardrails, with variations by jurisdiction. Proper maintenance ensures rail stability, non-slip treads, and clear landing space.

Historically, grand escalier were a feature of palaces and churches, signaling wealth and power. They evolved from utilitarian staircases to sculptural elements in Renaissance and Baroque architecture, and later into modern staircases emphasizing modularity and materials. The term escalier continues to appear in architectural descriptions and restorations of historic buildings.