eritrocitosi

Eritrocitosi refers to an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bloodstream. This condition can arise from various underlying causes and may be classified as either primary or secondary, depending on its origin.

Primary eritrocitosi, also known as polycythemia vera, is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It is typically caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene, leading to uncontrolled erythropoiesis. Symptoms may include fatigue, headache, dizziness, itching, and an increased risk of blood clots. Diagnosis often involves measuring hematocrit levels, genetic testing, and ruling out secondary causes.

Secondary eritrocitosi occurs when the body’s response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production, leading to increased red blood cell production. Common causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), high-altitude residence, and certain heart or lung conditions. Athletes may also experience a form of secondary eritrocitosi due to intense training, though this is generally reversible. Exogenous EPO misuse, such as in doping, can also artificially elevate red blood cell counts.

Eritrocitosi can be diagnosed through a complete blood count (CBC), which measures hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Additional tests, such as arterial blood gas analysis or imaging, may help identify underlying causes. Treatment depends on the underlying condition. For primary eritrocitosi, therapies may include phlebotomy (bloodletting) to reduce red blood cell mass, cytoreductive drugs, or aspirin to prevent clotting. Secondary eritrocitosi often requires addressing the root cause, such as treating lung or heart disease or adjusting altitude exposure.

Complications of untreated eritrocitosi include increased viscosity of the blood, leading to clotting disorders, stroke, or heart attack. Regular monitoring and appropriate management are essential to mitigate these risks.