ependymala

Ependymala is not a standard term in contemporary medical literature. In most sources, the related adjective is ependymal and the noun for the tissue is ependyma or ependymal cells. When encountered, ependymala may reflect a mistaken form or a shorthand reference to ependymal tissue or to ependymal-derived pathology such as ependymoma.

Ependymal cells line the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They form the epithelium of the ependyma, separating cerebrospinal fluid from surrounding neural tissue. Ependymal cells participate in CSF homeostasis, aid in CSF circulation via cilia, and contribute to the blood–CSF barrier.

Ependymomas are tumors arising from ependymal cells. They most commonly occur in children, often in the posterior fossa around the fourth ventricle, and can present with hydrocephalus, headache, nausea, and balance disturbances. In adults, ependymomas more frequently involve the spinal cord.

Diagnosis relies on imaging, with MRI revealing intraventricular or intramedullary lesions; histology confirms tumor grade. WHO grading ranges from I to III, with molecular subtyping increasingly informing prognosis and treatment decisions.

Treatment is primarily surgical resection, aiming for gross total removal when feasible. Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly employed, especially for residual or higher-grade tumors. The role of chemotherapy is limited and typically considered in disseminated or recurrent cases. Prognosis varies with age, tumor grade, extent of resection, and molecular features.