endobronchiale

Endobronchial refers to the lumen and mucosal surfaces inside the bronchial tree, including the trachea and main bronchi. It is used to describe anatomy, diseases affecting the central airways, and procedures performed through the airway. The term distinguishes lesions and treatments of the central airways from those of lung parenchyma or structures outside the airways.

Endobronchial pathology can include tumors arising within the bronchi, such as endobronchial carcinomas or carcinoid tumors, as well as inflammatory, infectious, or mucous-obstructive lesions. Other causes of endobronchial obstruction include foreign bodies, granulation tissue, mucus plugging, or external compression by adjacent masses. Symptoms may involve cough, wheeze, dyspnea, recurrent pneumonia, or atelectasis due to airway blockage.

Diagnosis primarily relies on bronchoscopy, which can be flexible or rigid depending on the indication. Through bronchoscopy, clinicians can inspect the airways and obtain tissue samples via endobronchial biopsy, brushings, and washings for cytology. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) extends the assessment to peribronchial and mediastinal structures. Complementary imaging, such as computed tomography, helps localize lesions and plan intervention.

Treatment aims to relieve obstruction, obtain diagnostic tissue, and manage lesions. Endobronchial therapies include mechanical debulking, laser therapy, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation, cryotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. Stent placement or balloon dilation can restore airway patency, especially in malignant obstruction. Systemic therapies or surgery may be indicated based on tumor type and extent, with endobronchial procedures often part of multidisciplinary care.

Risks of endobronchial procedures include bleeding, infection, airway injury, pneumothorax, and bronchial perforation, and they require experienced operators and appropriate anesthesia.