effectsxenoestrogens
Effectsxenoestrogens are exogenous compounds that exhibit estrogenic activity, meaning they can mimic, antagonize, or otherwise interfere with the body's estrogen signaling. They can be synthetic chemicals or naturally occurring substances found in the environment, consumer products, and the food supply. Xenoestrogens may bind to estrogen receptors, influence hormone synthesis or metabolism, and produce effects at low exposure levels in certain contexts.
Mechanisms include receptor binding to ERα and ERβ, triggering genomic or non-genomic signaling; altering the expression
Common sources include plastics and adjuvants (bisphenol A and related compounds), phthalates in vinyl products, pesticides
In animals, xenoestrogens can disrupt development, reproduction, and metabolism, often at environmentally relevant doses. In humans,
Regulatory agencies have restricted or banned certain xenoestrogens and set exposure limits, but regulation varies by