ecotheology

Ecotheology is a field of study and practice that examines the relationship between religious beliefs and the natural environment, and asks how theological concepts inform understandings of nature, humanity's responsibilities, and ecological ethics. It investigates how sacred narratives, worship, and religious authority shape attitudes toward creation, sustainability, and justice.

The field emerged from mid-20th century ecological awareness and responses to human domination of the natural world. In 1967, Lynn White Jr. argued that Christian tradition had contributed to ecological degradation by endorsing a dominion model over nature, prompting ecotheological replies that reframe creation as valuable in its own right. From the 1970s onward, theologians and religious movements across Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist communities developed creation care and eco-theologies. The Catholic Church, especially in Pope Francis's Laudato si' (2015), has been influential in articulating a global ecotheology linking care for the environment with social justice.

Common approaches include reinterpretation of scriptural and doctrinal sources to emphasize stewardship, solidarity with creational diversity, and integrated ethical frameworks that combine ecological science with moral theology. Some ecotheologies draw on ecofeminism, process theology, or indigenous cosmologies, and many stress practical engagement through environmental advocacy, sustainability programs, and policy dialogue.

Scholars discuss the scope, methods, and political implications of ecotheology. Critics argue that some forms risk anthropocentrism, instrumentalizing religion for political ends, or insufficiently addressing structural injustices. Proponents counter that ecotheology provides moral motivation and a transcendent framework for caring for the Earth while challenging exploitation and apathy.