ecoanarchism

Ecoanarchism is a political philosophy that merges anarchist critiques of state power and hierarchical institutions with a central focus on ecological crisis and sustainable living. It treats ecological degradation and social domination as interconnected systems and argues that long-term ecological health requires dismantling capitalist and state authority in favor of decentralized, non-hierarchical arrangements.

Core aims include building communities organized around participatory democracy, voluntary association, and solidarity; common or cooperative ownership of land and resources; management of resources through local councils, cooperatives, and ecologically informed decision making; emphasis on local self-sufficiency, resilient food systems, and ecological restoration.

Historical development and variations: ecoanarchism emerged from intersections between anarchist theory and environmental concerns in the 20th century. Influential strands include Murray Bookchin’s social ecology and libertarian municipalism, which advocate decentralized, ecologically sane municipal confederations. The broader green anarchist current encompasses diverse viewpoints—from anarcho-primitivist critiques of civilization to ecofeminist perspectives—united by anti-hierarchical commitments and skepticism toward large-scale technocratic solutions.

Tactics and practice: ecoanarchists promote direct action, mutual aid, independent communities, ecovillages, urban gardening, and permaculture. They often critique corporate and state power, advocate for land reform and common ownership, and support restoration ecology and sustainable culture as components of social change.

Critiques and debates: discussions focus on feasibility at scale, potential tensions between ecological goals and social justice, and differing attitudes toward technology and civilization. Some critics argue that certain ecoanarchist positions risk romanticizing pre-industrial life or underestimating planning needs, while supporters claim decentralized, participatory approaches offer viable paths to sustainability.