eccema

Eccema, commonly called eczema, refers to a group of inflammatory skin conditions characterized by itchiness and a compromised skin barrier. The most frequent form is atopic dermatitis; other types include contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, and nummular eczema.

Symptoms often include intense itch, dry skin, redness, swelling, and the development of plaques that may crack, ooze, or crust. In babies the cheeks and scalp are commonly affected; in adults, the bends of the elbows and knees are typical.

Causes are multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and skin barrier defects. Mutations in the filaggrin gene can impair barrier function. Triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, allergens, climate changes, infections, and stress.

Diagnosis is mainly clinical. Patch testing may identify contact dermatitis. Tests may be used to exclude other skin diseases. Eccema is not contagious.

Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and restore moisture. Regular emollients are essential. Topical corticosteroids are commonly used; non-steroidal options such as calcineurin inhibitors may be reserved for sensitive areas. Severe disease may require phototherapy or systemic medications.

Prognosis is variable. Eccema often relapses but many people improve with age. It is frequently linked with other atopic conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Prevention and daily management focus on skin care and trigger avoidance: use mild cleansers, apply moisturizers after bathing, avoid known irritants and allergens, and manage infections promptly.