déviance

Déviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and is considered unacceptable by a significant number of people in a society. It is a relative concept, meaning that what is considered deviant in one culture or time period may not be in another. The study of déviance is a major focus within sociology and criminology, exploring the causes, consequences, and social reactions to such behaviors.

Several theories attempt to explain déviance. Strain theory suggests that individuals may engage in deviant behavior when they are unable to achieve socially valued goals through legitimate means. Labeling theory posits that déviance is not inherent in an act but rather a consequence of the labels society attaches to certain behaviors and individuals. Social control theories, conversely, focus on why people *don't* engage in deviance, emphasizing the role of social bonds and institutions in maintaining conformity.

Deviant acts can range from minor infractions like jaywalking to serious crimes like murder. The societal response to deviance often involves formal sanctions, such as arrest and imprisonment, or informal sanctions, like social disapproval or ostracism. Understanding déviance is crucial for comprehending social order, social control, and the dynamics of social change.