deontology

Deontology is an approach to ethics that judges the morality of actions based on rules or duties rather than outcomes. A deontologist assesses whether an action conforms to a moral norm, obligation, or principle, regardless of its consequences. It stands in contrast to consequentialist theories such as utilitarianism, which evaluate actions by their results.

Historically associated with Immanuel Kant, deontology emphasizes that moral duties are grounded in rational law and autonomy. Kant argued that moral principles must be universally applicable and that rational agents have intrinsic worth. The categorical imperative is a central formulation: act only according to maxims you could will to become universal law; treat humanity, yourself included, as an end in itself and never merely as a means.

Other deontologists include W. D. Ross, who proposed a pluralism of prima facie duties (e.g., fidelity, reparation, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, gratitude). Deontological ethics often prescribes rules or duties—fidelity, honesty, promises keeping, not murdering, etc.—along with a notion of moral law or rational duty that applies to rational beings regardless of personal desires. Autonomy and rational agency are central.

Critiques note that strict adherence to duty can lead to morally questionable outcomes, especially when duties conflict. Many deontologists respond with ways to resolve duty conflicts, such as prioritizing certain duties or appealing to higher-order principles. Critics also argue deontology may undervalue compassion or context.

In practice, deontological considerations surface in professional ethics, law, and policy, where rules and duties—such as honesty, confidentiality, or nonmaleficence—guide decision making. While debates continue, deontology remains a foundational framework for evaluating moral duties independent of consequences.