dentifrice

Dentifrice, commonly known as toothpaste, is a paste or gel used with a toothbrush to clean teeth, remove plaque, and deliver active ingredients that help prevent tooth decay and gum disease while improving breath. The term dentifrice derives from Latin dentis, meaning tooth. Modern formulas typically use abrasives to scrub surfaces and flavoring agents to improve acceptability.

Commercial dentifrices contain several components. Abrasives such as hydrated silica or calcium carbonate polish tooth surfaces. Fluoride, usually about 1000–1500 parts per million, helps strengthen enamel and reduce decay. Humectants such as glycerol or sorbitol retain moisture; binders like xanthan gum maintain consistency; surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate aid foaming and cleaning. Many formulas also include desensitizing agents (e.g., potassium nitrate), whitening agents, or antiseptics.

History and use: Fluoride-containing toothpaste became widely adopted in the mid-20th century, replacing earlier powders and simple pastes. Dentifrices are intended for brushing twice daily; a pea-sized amount is recommended for adults, with smaller amounts for young children. They should be spit out after brushing and not swallowed, to minimize fluoride ingestion.

Regulation and safety: Dentifrices are regulated as consumer oral-care products in many jurisdictions. Some products carry a Seal of Acceptance from professional bodies. While generally safe, excessive ingestion of fluoride-containing dentifrice can cause dental fluorosis in children; adults should use age-appropriate amounts and supervise young users. Dentifrice complements, but does not replace, professional dental care and regular flossing.