toothbrush

A toothbrush is a hand-held instrument used to clean teeth and gums. It typically comprises a handle, a neck, and a head with bristles, usually made of nylon. Bristle stiffness ranges from soft to hard, with soft bristles commonly recommended by dental professionals.

Brushes fall into manual and electric categories. Manual toothbrushes vary in head shape and bristle pattern and rely on the user’s technique. Electric toothbrushes use powered oscillating-rotating or sonic motions and may include features such as built-in timers, pressure sensors, and multiple modes.

Historical tooth-cleaning implements date back to ancient times, with chewed sticks and bristle-like tools used in various cultures. Modern nylon-bristled toothbrushes were developed in the 20th century, replacing natural hair. Electric toothbrushes appeared mid-century and became widely adopted in subsequent decades.

Dental hygiene guidelines typically advise brushing twice daily for about two minutes with fluoride toothpaste. Use gentle pressure and small circular or vertical motions to clean outer, inner, and chewing surfaces. Replace the toothbrush every three months or sooner if bristles fray. Do not share brushes.

Proper storage and maintenance help prevent contamination; rinse after brushing and allow the brush to dry upright. Some consumers prefer replaceable-brush-head designs or biodegradable handles to reduce waste. Overly aggressive brushing or hard bristles can cause gum recession and enamel wear; consult a dentist for personalized advice.