deiktczne

Deictics (Polish: deiktczne) refer to linguistic expressions whose reference shifts with the context of utterance. In linguistics, deixis denotes a broad class of expressions whose interpretation depends on factors such as who is speaking, when and where the utterance occurs, and the surrounding discourse. The core concept is the deictic center, usually the speaker, though it can shift with perspective.

Major types include personal deixis (I/you/he/we/they and related possessives), demonstrative deixis (this/that, these/those; here/there), temporal deixis (now, then, yesterday, tomorrow), spatial or locational deixis (here/there, nearby/far away), and discourse deixis (the aforementioned, following, in this regard). These elements anchor reference to contextual anchors rather than to stable, intrinsic meanings.

Examples illustrate the dependence on context: "I am here now." "This book is mine." "We will go there tomorrow." "Yesterday, he left." "In this regard, the author argues..." Deictics derive their reference from the speaker’s position in space and time and from the current discourse situation, rather than from a fixed object.

Relation to other concepts: deixis is distinct from anaphora, which links to earlier text rather than to immediate situational context. Etymology: from Greek deiktikos, "able to show," from deiknumi, "to show/point out." Deictics are a fundamental tool in linguistics, pragmatics, and translation.