déni

Déni (also spelled denial) is a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual refuses to acknowledge or accept a painful reality, fact, or implication. It operates at an unconscious level and can manifest as outright rejection of evidence, minimizing its significance, or blaming others.

The term derives from the French déni, ultimately from Latin denegare "to deny".

In psychology, denial has been discussed since the 20th century as part of Freudian theory and subsequent psychoanalytic, cognitive, and clinical frameworks. It can serve as a coping strategy to manage shock, trauma, or loss by delaying adaptation; it can be adaptive in the short term but harmful if persistent, delaying treatment, decision making, or acknowledgment of danger.

Denial is commonly observed in grief reactions, substance use disorders, chronic illness, and post-traumatic stress. It is not a single pathological condition but a defense mechanism that can accompany other disorders. It can range from mild skepticism about a situation to complete rejection of reality, and may interact with other defenses such as minimization, rationalization, or projection.

Distinction from delusions: Denial differs from delusional beliefs, which are fixed and false but held with conviction despite contrary evidence. Denial is generally flexible and can be revised with support or information.

In clinical settings, acknowledgment is often a process, supported by empathetic communication, psychoeducation, and motivational interviewing. Therapeutic approaches may address underlying anxiety, grief, or trauma while encouraging gradual acceptance.