cunhagem

Cunhagem refers to the production of coins by stamping metal planchets with engraved dies, a process commonly described in English as coinage or minting. It encompasses preparing blanks, applying obverse and reverse designs, and shaping edges. In modern systems, cunhagem is carried out at official mints and sometimes outsourced to specialized facilities under government authority.

Etymology and usage: The term derives from cunho, meaning a die or stamp in Portuguese, and is used in lusophone countries and in numismatic literature to denote the act of minting as distinct from other metalworking operations.

Process: The typical sequence begins with creating or selecting master dies, followed by blanking to form planchets. The blanks are cleaned and sometimes annealed to achieve the desired hardness. The planchets are struck between two engraved dies in a coining press, transferring the design to both faces of the coin. Modern presses may use multiple strikes with hydraulic or mechanical action. Edge features such as reeding or edge lettering can be added during striking or afterward. Quality control ensures consistency in weight, diameter, and design fidelity.

Historical context: Coin production has ancient roots and evolved from hand-hammer techniques to centralized minting, enabling standardized currency and anti-counterfeiting measures. Cunhagem practices have varied by region and era, influencing coin durability, technological features, and seigniorage. National mints often issue commemorative or bullion coins that may involve specialized dies, finishes, or subsidiary processes.

Impact: Cunhagem is a foundational process for monetary systems and numismatic collecting. The design, craftsmanship, and security features embedded in coins reflect political identity, economic history, and technological advancement.