copiers

Copiers, also known as photocopiers or copy machines, are devices that reproduce printed or handwritten documents. Modern copiers are typically digital and often function as part of a multifunction device (MFD) that can print, scan, fax, and email. They may be standalone machines or integrated into networked printers.

The development of copying technology began with the invention of xerography in the 1930s by Chester Carlson, leading to widespread commercial use in the mid-20th century. The first widely successful model was introduced in 1959 by Xerox. Over time, digital imaging and networked capabilities transformed copiers from basic duplicators into versatile office machines, emphasizing speed, color reproduction, scanning, and document workflows.

How they work varies by technology. Traditional electrophotographic copiers use a charged photosensitive drum, exposure to an image to create a latent electrostatic image, toner development, transfer to paper, and fusing by heat. Digital copiers capture documents with a scanner, convert them to digital data, process the image, and print using laser, LED, or inkjet technology. Many models also offer duplex printing, finishing options (stapling, hole punching), and secure printing features.

Types and usage vary widely. Monochrome and color copiers differ in cost and output; desktop models serve small offices, while high-volume, production-oriented machines handle large workloads. Features often include network connectivity, authentication, cloud integration, and advanced document management capabilities.

Maintenance and safety considerations include regular toner or cartridge replacement, waste handling, and calibration. Environmental considerations cover energy efficiency, ozone emissions, and end-of-life recycling. Overall, copiers remain essential for document reproduction and workflow integration in many organizations.