photocopiers

Photocopiers are devices that reproduce documents using xerography, an electrostatic copying process. They illuminate the original to form an image on a photoconductive surface that is charged to attract toner particles. The toner image is transferred to paper and fused by heat to create a durable copy. Modern machines often function as multifunction devices that can scan, print, fax, and email while sharing a single paper path and control interface.

Xerography was invented by Chester Carlson in 1938. The first commercially successful photocopier, the Xerox 914, was introduced by Haloid Company (later Xerox) in 1959 and helped popularize office copying. Over time, copiers evolved from purely optical, analog devices to digital systems with expanded capabilities and network connectivity.

In conventional (analog) copiers, the original is scanned, and light reflected from it is focused onto a charged photoreceptor drum. The exposed areas lose their charge, creating a latent image that attracts toner. The toner is then transferred to paper and fused by heat. The drum is cleaned and recharged for additional copies. Digital copiers use sensors and image processing to produce the same result with fewer moving optical parts.

Photocopiers come in sizes from desktop to departmental and are available as monochrome or color devices. Many are multifunction printers (MFPs) that copy, print, scan, and fax. Features include automatic document feeders, duplex copying, finishing options, and network or cloud connectivity, along with color management and security controls.

Environmental and cost considerations include energy efficiency, consumables such as toner and imaging drums, and emissions. Modern devices emphasize Energy Star ratings and reduced ozone emissions compared to early models.