copier

A copier is a machine that makes copies of documents on plain paper. Most modern copiers are multifunction devices capable of printing, scanning, faxing, and emailing, and they can be standalone or integrated into networked office systems.

The copying technology originated with xerography developed by Chester Carlson in the 1930s. The first successful office copier was the Xerox 914, introduced in 1959, which popularized self-contained office copiers. Digital copiers and multifunction devices became common in the 1990s, enabling flatter integration with computer networks and digital workflows.

Traditional xerographic copiers charge a photoconductive drum, project an image of the original via light, develop with toner, transfer the image to paper, and fuse the toner onto the paper with heat. Digital copiers scan into a bitmap, perform image processing, and print via laser or LED engines; they can store documents, route outputs to email or network folders, and support more flexible workflows.

Copiers vary from small desktop models to large, high-volume networked machines. Color copiers can reproduce color and monochrome documents, while some devices are specialized for black-and-white work. Common features include duplexing, Automatic Document Feeders (ADF), finishing options, and connectivity to local networks or cloud services.

Key specifications include speed (pages per minute), print resolution, color depth, and finishing capabilities. Security features such as user authentication and audit trails, along with energy efficiency measures, influence total cost of ownership and suitability for a given office.

Maintenance involves replacing toner or ink, imaging drums, and fusers; regular cleaning and alignment help preserve image quality. Paper jams and misfeeds are common issues that are mitigated by proper paper handling and routine servicing. Recycling programs and energy-saving modes are increasingly supported by manufacturers.