communitarianism

Communitarianism is a political and moral philosophy that emphasizes the role of communities in shaping individuals, values, and social life. It argues that persons are largely products of the social environments in which they are raised and that shared norms and obligations are essential to a flourishing society. Proponents contrast this with liberal theories that accentuate individual rights and autonomy, arguing that rights must be balanced with duties to family, community, and the common good.

Historical development: The term gained prominence in the late 20th century as a critique of liberal individualism. In the United States Amitai Etzioni helped articulate a 'new communitarianism' focused on social responsibilities and civil society. Philosophers such as Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor, and to some extent Alasdair MacIntyre, contributed to debates about virtue, community, and the ethical foundations of public life.

Core ideas: The community is seen as the principal source of moral formation; civic virtue, solidarity, and reciprocity are valued; social life is organized around families, schools, religious and voluntary associations; policies should strengthen civil society and the shared public goods while accommodating pluralism; there is support for institutions that cultivate trust and social capital, with a cautious stance toward excessive individualism or state coercion.

Policy implications and debates: Advocates often favor policies that reinforce families, education, and voluntary associations, as well as deliberative democracy and subsidiarity. Critics worry that communitarianism can suppress minority rights, justify conformity to dominant cultures, or blur lines between culture and state power. Proponents respond that liberty and pluralism are best defended within a framework that also promotes communal responsibilities and the common good.

Relation to other schools: Not a single doctrine but a family of positions. It has influenced debates on welfare and public life, and remains a reference point in balancing rights and social duties.