coffering

Coffering, in architecture, refers to the creation of a coffered ceiling or vault—a pattern of sunken panels formed by recessed mouldings. Coffers are the individual panels; the grid is typically square or polygonal and may be arranged to emphasize architectural axes or rhythms. The coffered surface serves both structural and ornamental purposes.

Originating in classical Greece and Rome, coffering reduced the weight of large stone ceilings and domes while providing decorative texture. The technique was widely employed in Roman domes and vaults and was revived and developed in the Renaissance and Baroque periods, later becoming a staple in neoclassical design and, in varied forms, in modern architecture.

Construction methods vary. Traditional coffering is produced by a framework or by carving in solid masonry, with coffers formed by moulded ribs or recessed surfaces. In plaster, gypsum, or wood interiors, coffers are often created with a lightweight grid and finished with paint, gilding, or marbling. In concrete or metal constructions, coffers can be formed by formwork or casting.

Function and style: Coffering reduces structural mass, can conceal structural elements, and creates visual depth and light reflection that enhances acoustics and perception of space. Patterns range from simple square grids to complex octagonal or nested schemes and can be adapted to domes, vaults, or flat ceilings.

Examples include the coffered dome of the Pantheon in Rome and numerous Renaissance churches and palaces, as well as modern interpretations in civic and cultural buildings.