cirkus

Cirkus is a form of live entertainment in which performers present a variety of acts in a circular arena, typically under a tent. The term is used in several languages, including Danish and Swedish, to denote both the show and the venue. Traditional programs blend acrobatics, juggling, clowning, aerial acts, and often animal performances, though the mix varies by era and company. In recent decades, many circuses emphasize human artistry and theatrical storytelling over animals.

Modern circuses trace their roots to Philip Astley, who in 1768 established a riding school in London with a circular ring and a program combining horses, gymnastic displays, and clowning. The form spread across Europe and beyond, giving rise to traveling troupes and large-top tents. Animals were prominent in early and mid‑century shows, but welfare concerns and legal changes led many companies to reduce, replace, or ban animal acts. The rise of contemporary circus in the late 20th century fused circus skills with theatre, dance, and narrative.

A typical program features a sequence of acts such as aerialists, trapeze, tightrope walkers, hand balancers, jugglers, and clowns, presented around or within a ring or stage. Performances may occur in a touring big top, a fixed arena, or a theater setting, and some groups operate as resident ensembles in festivals, cultural centers, or permanent venues.

Regulation of circuses varies by country and covers safety, animal welfare, and performer work conditions. Today the field includes traditional circuses with animals and contemporary or new circus ensembles that foreground narrative, design, and the integration of multiple art forms.