cinkérc

Cinkérc, or zinc ore, refers to natural minerals from which zinc metal is economically extracted. The principal zinc-bearing mineral is sphalerite, ZnS, commonly occurring in hydrothermal veins and ore deposits. In addition to sphalerite, zinc can occur as secondary minerals such as smithsonite (ZnCO3) and calamine (ZnCO3), formed by oxidation of primary sulfide ore. The ore's zinc content is variable; concentrates are produced by grinding and flotation, typically yielding a zinc-rich product that is then smelted or refined.

Cinkérc forms in a variety of geological settings, including hydrothermal veins, sedimentary exhalative deposits, and contact metasomatic zones. It is frequently associated with other sulfide minerals such as pyrite, galena, and with copper or lead ore bodies. The mineral is typically opaque with a resinous to adamantine luster; sphalerite can range in color from pale to dark and may fluoresce under ultraviolet light.

Mining and processing involve extraction by open-pit or underground methods, depending on deposit depth and size. After crushing and grinding, flotation produces a concentrate containing zinc. The concentrate is roasted and then subjected to electrolytic refining or electrowinning to produce refined zinc metal. By-products may include cadmium, lead, and silver from associated minerals.

Global production is concentrated in a handful of countries, with major producers including China, Australia, Peru, India, Canada, and Mexico. Zinc is essential for galvanizing steel, producing alloys, and various chemical applications; the ore market is sensitive to metal prices and demand. Environmental considerations include emissions from smelting and tailings management.