chirurgie

Chirurgie, or surgery, is a medical discipline that uses operative techniques to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease, injury, or deformity. It integrates preoperative assessment, anesthesia, the operative procedure itself, and postoperative care. Surgeries are classified by purpose (diagnostic, curative, palliative, reconstructive, cosmetic), by method (open surgery, minimally invasive approaches), or by body system (cardiothoracic, abdominal, orthopedic, neurosurgical, plastic, vascular, etc.).

History: surgical practice has ancient roots, but modern surgery developed with antisepsis, anesthesia, and sterile technique in the 19th century, followed by rapid subspecialization in the 20th and 21st centuries. Key trends include minimally invasive surgery, imaging-guided procedures, and enhanced recovery pathways.

Techniques: open surgery uses larger incisions; minimally invasive surgery uses small incisions and endoscopic or laparoscopic instruments; robotic-assisted surgery provides enhanced precision in many procedures. Other methods include endoscopy, laser surgery, and percutaneous interventions guided by imaging.

Training and practice: surgeons undergo medical school, residency training, and board certification in a specialty. Multidisciplinary care teams—anesthesiologists, nurses, radiologists, and therapists—play essential roles in perioperative management.

Outcomes and safety: outcomes depend on disease, patient factors, and surgical risk. Complications can include infection, bleeding, organ injury, and anesthesia risks, with mitigation through evidence-based protocols, sterility, and postoperative monitoring.

Chirurgie is provided in hospitals and specialized centers worldwide and continues to evolve with advances in technology, data analytics, and patient-centered care.