childbearingage

Childbearing age, also referred to as reproductive age, designates the ages at which individuals are biologically capable of conceiving and bearing children. In international demographic statistics, this is commonly defined as ages 15 through 49, though some sources use 15 through 44 due to data conventions and fertility patterns. The concept is used to study fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and related health services.

Fertility patterns within the childbearing age range vary with age. For women, fertility tends to be highest in the late teens to late 20s and gradually declines after the early 30s, with a steeper decline after about 35 and substantial reduction after 40. Men generally retain the ability to father children over a broader age span, though paternal age can influence fertility and certain health outcomes in offspring. Outside typical childbearing ages, pregnancies can still occur, especially with medical support or assisted reproduction.

Health considerations are central to discussions of childbearing age. Advanced maternal age, often defined as 35 or older, is associated with higher risks of chromosomal abnormalities, miscarriage, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, placental problems, and cesarean delivery. Adolescent pregnancies carry their own risks, including preterm birth and low birth weight, and are influenced by social determinants and access to care. Emphasizing prenatal care, contraception, and reproductive counseling helps mitigate risks across the age spectrum.

Demographic and policy relevance includes shifts in population age structure and fertility rates, which affect health systems, labor markets, and social support. Global trends toward delaying childbearing reflect education, career opportunities, economic conditions, and contraception access. International statistics use the childbearing age range to compare fertility and plan maternal health services and family planning programs.