cera

Cera, commonly translated as wax, refers to a broad class of solid, hydrophobic substances that melt at relatively high temperatures and are insoluble in water. Waxes are used by nature to protect and structure biological surfaces and are employed by humans for a wide range of applications.

Waxes come from several sources. Animal waxes, such as beeswax, are produced by specialized glands or as byproducts of metabolism. Plant waxes, including carnauba and candelilla, are found on leaves, fruits, and stems and are collected by processing the plant material. Mineral or petroleum waxes, such as paraffin and microcrystalline wax, are refined from crude oil. Some waxes are synthetic, produced by chemical processes to mimic natural wax properties.

Key properties include hydrophobicity, insolubility in water, and a relatively high melting point. They are typically soft or brittle at room temperature and become pliable when warmed. The exact properties vary with composition and grade, which influences hardness, melting range, and oil content.

Common uses include candles, cosmetics and skincare products, food coatings, polishes and protective finishes for furniture and automobiles, lubrication additives, and packaging coatings. Waxes are also used in art, dental materials, and electronics for protective or insulating purposes.

Etymology and history: the word derives from Latin cera meaning wax. Wax has been used since antiquity for lighting, waterproofing, and artistic applications. Development of plant and mineral wax industries, along with synthetic waxes, expanded widely in the 19th and 20th centuries, increasing the availability and variety of wax products.