carnosic

Carnosic (commonly encountered as carnosic acid) is a natural phenolic diterpene found primarily in plants of the Lamiaceae family, notably rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis). It contributes to the characteristic aroma of these herbs and is one of the principal antioxidant constituents of their essential and crude extracts.

Chemically, carnosic acid is a lipophilic diterpene with antioxidant activity, often present alongside related compounds such as carnosol. It is biosynthesized via common diterpenoid pathways in plants and can undergo oxidation to form other derivatives during extraction and storage. Because of its ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, carnosic acid is widely studied and used as a natural preservative in food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical formulations.

Scientific research has examined a range of biological activities for carnosic acid, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects in laboratory and animal studies. Investigations into potential neuroprotective and metabolic actions are ongoing; however, evidence from human clinical trials is limited and inconclusive. Regulatory status varies by jurisdiction, with certain rosemary extracts standardized for carnosic content approved for use as food additives. Safety assessments generally support low toxicity at customary exposure levels, though high doses and concentrated preparations require further study.