canabidiol

Cannabidiol, commonly abbreviated as CBD, is one of the major cannabinoids found in the Cannabis sativa plant. Unlike delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not produce the same psychoactive effects and is not considered intoxicating. It occurs in both marijuana and hemp varieties and is often extracted from plants with low THC content for commercial products.

CBD has a complex pharmacology. It shows very low direct affinity for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and is not typically psychoactive. It is thought to modulate endocannabinoid signaling indirectly and interact with other targets, including TRPV1 receptors, 5-HT1A serotonin receptors, and PPAR gamma, among others. CBD may influence inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuroprotection through multiple mechanisms, but the exact actions remain an area of active research.

In medicine, the only FDA-approved CBD product is Epidiolex, prescribed for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. Beyond these indications, CBD is studied for a range of conditions such as anxiety, pain, insomnia, and inflammatory disorders, but robust clinical evidence is often lacking or inconsistent. Use outside approved indications varies by country and regulatory framework.

Safety and interactions are important considerations. CBD is generally well tolerated but can cause tiredness, diarrhea, and changes in appetite. It can interact with medications, particularly those metabolized by liver enzymes in the cytochrome P450 system. Pregnant or lactating individuals are advised to exercise caution due to limited data.

Legal status differs globally. In many places, hemp-derived CBD products with low THC content are legal or tolerated, while pharmaceutical-grade CBD requires a prescription or remains strictly regulated. Regulatory approaches continue to evolve as research progresses.