burnedout

Burnedout, commonly written burnout or burned-out, is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by chronic workplace stress that has not been managed. It is typically described as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or cynicism toward work, and a reduced sense of personal achievement. The term arose in the 1970s (Freudenberger) and was refined by Maslach; it is considered an occupational phenomenon, not a medical disorder.

Symptoms include persistent fatigue, sleep problems, irritability, difficulty concentrating, apathy toward work, and lower performance. People may withdraw from colleagues, feel detached from tasks, and experience physical complaints such as headaches or gastrointestinal issues. Symptoms can spill into personal life and relationships.

Causes are multifactorial: heavy workload, long hours, low control, insufficient reward, unclear expectations, and poor supervision. Individual traits, coping styles, and limited social support influence risk. Organizational culture and job design also play major roles.

Classification varies: ICD-11 lists burnout as an occupational phenomenon, not a medical condition. It should be distinguished from clinical depression, though symptoms can overlap. A medical evaluation is advisable if symptoms persist or worsen.

Management and prevention: Organizational measures include workload management, greater autonomy, supportive leadership, and wellness programs. Individuals can help themselves with adequate sleep, regular exercise, stress management techniques, boundaries between work and life, and seeking professional help when needed. Recovery can require changes in work roles or responsibilities.

See also: occupational burnout, stress, compassion fatigue.