botanicalsresins

Botanical resins are viscous exudates produced by many plant species in response to wounding. They are complex natural mixtures, typically containing terpenoids, resin acids, phenolics, waxes, and often trace amounts of gums and essential oils. Depending on composition and climate, resins may be solid or brittle at room temperature, or viscous and sticky; when they contain significant volatile oil, the material is sometimes called an oleoresin.

Classification and examples: Hard resins, such as rosin (colophony) derived from pine species, are solid at room temperature. Balsams, like benzoin or tolu balsam, consist of resin with aromatic esters. Gum resins contain substantial gum fractions along with resinous components and include frankincense (Boswellia) and myrrh (Commiphora). Amber is a fossil resin and is not produced by living plants today.

Sources and economic importance: Many tropical and temperate trees produce resins. Notable modern sources include Boswellia and Commiphora species for incense and perfumery, Pinaceae species for rosin and turpentine, and Liquidambar styraciflua for storax. The chemistry, yield, and quality depend on species, age, site conditions, and tapping methods.

Uses and processing: Resinous exudates are used in perfumery, incense, varnishes, adhesives, traditional medicines, and sometimes as flavoring adjuncts in foods. Processing typically involves collection from wounds, cleaning, purification, and sometimes distillation or fractionation to isolate essential oils, resin acids, or purified fractions. Safety considerations include potential skin irritation or allergenicity for some resins.

Environmental and trade aspects: Harvesting pressures and habitat loss affect certain resin-producing species. Sustainable harvesting practices, certification, and regulatory measures help manage supply and protect ecosystems. Some resins are subject to trade controls and CITES listings to prevent overexploitation.