bitis

Bitis is a genus of venomous snakes in the family Viperidae, native to Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. Members are large, stout vipers that inhabit a range of environments, from savannas and grasslands to forests and deserts. The genus comprises about a dozen species, with notable members including the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and the puff adder (Bitis arietans).

Physically, Bitis snakes have a broad, triangular head, a thick neck, and a heavy body. Their dorsal patterns are typically cryptic, aiding camouflage in leaf litter and soil. The Gaboon viper is among the largest venomous snakes, with long fangs and a body length that can exceed two meters; other Bitis species are shorter but stockier than many other vipers.

Ecology and behavior: Bitis are ambush predators, largely nocturnal or crepuscular depending on climate. They feed on small mammals, birds, and occasionally amphibians, relying on camouflage and a slow, patient approach to strike. Their venom is delivered by long fangs in a rapid strike.

Reproduction and venom: Most Bitis species are viviparous, giving birth to live young after a gestation period. Venoms are primarily hemotoxic, causing tissue damage, swelling, and coagulopathy. Bites from Bitis species, especially the Gaboon viper and puff adder, are medically significant and require prompt antivenom treatment and medical care.

Conservation and human interaction: Habitat loss and persecution affect several species. Bitis bites remain a public health concern in parts of Africa, though antivenoms and improved medical responses have reduced fatalities in many areas.