birrete

The birrete is the square academic cap that forms part of the standard academic dress in many universities, especially in Spanish-speaking countries. It is worn with a gown during graduation and other formal ceremonies. The cap consists of a stiff, flat square board (the mortarboard) attached to a soft, fitted skullcap. A tassel is fixed to the center of the board and hangs down.

Materials vary, commonly felt, wool, or synthetic fabrics. The cap is usually black, but colors and trim may vary by institution or degree. The tassel color typically denotes field of study or level of the degree, and some universities also use colored piping, cords, or sashes to indicate status or faculty.

Traditionally, the birrete originated from medieval academic dress and is linked to the biretta worn by clergy and scholars; the English term “mortarboard” refers to the cap’s shape and its resemblance to a traditional mason’s board. The Spanish name birrete reflects its historical connection to those earlier head coverings.

Usage and symbolism: During graduation ceremonies, the tassel is often moved from the right side to the left to signal that the degree has been conferred. In some traditions, the timing and manner of the tassel change vary, and some institutions maintain the tassel on the right until the ceremony’s conclusion. The birrete remains a widely recognized symbol of academic achievement and formal credentialing.