graduation

Graduation is the ceremony and process by which an individual is formally recognized as having completed a defined program of study at an educational institution. It typically results in the conferral of a credential, such as a diploma, certificate, or degree, although not all programs grant a formal degree. Graduation marks the transition from student status to graduate status and is often accompanied by a ceremonial event.

Historically, graduation ceremonies have roots in medieval European universities, where scholars who completed a course of study were formally examined and awarded degrees such as bachelor, master, or doctor. Over time, universities developed formal rituals, processions, and the presentation of diplomas. Variants appear in other regions, reflecting local traditions and education systems.

Ceremonies commonly include a procession, speeches, and the awarding of diplomas or certificates. Attire often includes a gown and a mortarboard or cap; a tassel is traditionally moved from right to left to signify conferment in many countries. Some institutions maintain additional rites, such as hooding for advanced degrees or honors society recognition.

Graduation occurs at different levels, including secondary education, undergraduate and graduate programs, professional schools, and vocational training. Honorary degrees may be conferred without completion of a specific program, recognizing contributions in a field.

Beyond credentials, graduation serves as a social milestone and can influence employment opportunities, admission to further study, and access to alumni networks. The date and form of graduation vary by country and institution, with some programs offering virtual or online graduation options in addition to in-person ceremonies.