biometrik

Biometrik, or biometrics, refers to automated recognition of individuals based on measurable physiological or behavioral characteristics. Biometric systems capture a trait, extract features, convert them into a digital template, and compare it to stored references for verification or identification. Traits can be physiological (fingerprint, iris, face) or behavioral (typing rhythm, gait).

Physiological traits include fingerprint, iris, facial features, voice, palm print, and hand geometry; behavioral traits include keystroke dynamics, gait, and signatures. Enrollment creates a template; subsequent samples are matched against stored templates using a similarity score and a threshold. Verification confirms the claimed identity; identification attempts to determine who the person is.

Biometric data is typically stored as templates rather than raw images, enhancing privacy. Systems may use encryption, on-device storage, or secure enclaves. Standards such as ISO/IEC 19794 and privacy regulations guide collection, storage, and use. Ethical considerations include consent, purpose limitation, data minimization, and risks of surveillance.

Performance is described by false acceptance rate (FAR), false rejection rate (FRR), and equal error rate (EER). Real-world conditions cause variability in sensors, lighting, and user behavior, affecting accuracy. Spoofing attacks are mitigated with liveness detection and anti-spoofing measures.

Applications span consumer devices (phones, laptops), access control, border control, time and attendance, payments, and healthcare. Biometric systems offer convenience and security but raise privacy, equity, and governance concerns that require thoughtful policy, robust safeguards, and careful data management.